Understanding GRIB data and retrieving information based on latitude/longitude/time w

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For some reason, I'm trying to understand basics of GRIB data files for days. Mostly unsuccessfully. Every web site I came across either have cryptic information or are just sloppy or superficial. Never mind that now, because this is why I came to search for answers on SE. I am a bit smarter now, but still I feel like I understand almost nothing.

Alright, so... What I would like to know is this:

  • Which files do I need to grab in order to get information about most current weather condition and forecast world-wide? Are those GFS files or something else?
  • Looking at that page I linked, I'd really like to understand what are CC and FFF segments of the file name. What exactly is "model cycle runtime" and "product" in this catalog?
  • What is the difference between files which have pgrb2, pgrb2b and pgrb2full in their names?
  • Is it possible to download a file with specific parameters only (e.g. surface wind and temperature values)
  • How to extract fetched data with Python and gribapi package? I tried to follow few examples and do it myself, but I just cannot figure out how to retrieve only specific key(?) (e.g. surface temperature or wind) for given latitude and longitude (I don't need to plot the data and all those fancy visualizations, I just need to pass few parameters and get numbers back)?
  • Is it possible to get data about the sea/ocean conditions from any of those files (e.g. wave height, swell height/period/direction, tidal data)?
I would really like to get answers like I am 7 years old kid because most of the "documentation" I found is like I'm trying to read Japanese (which I don't know how to read).

Also, if someone from NCEP/NOAA is reading this - guys, the thing you are doing is amazing, but you really have to sort out this chaos you call a "web site", especially the documentation ;)

Any help with these issues is extremely appreciated!



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